Surgical correction of APVC involves reconnecting the pulmonary veins to the correct location in the heart.

Balloon dilatation involves inserting a catheter with a deflated balloon into a blood vessel in the groin and guiding it up to the narrowed section of the aorta. The balloon is then inflated to widen the opening and improve blood flow.

During a patch aortoplasty, the narrowed portion of the aorta is removed and a patch is used to widen the area. The patch is usually made of synthetic material or a piece of the patient’s own tissue.

During this procedure, a small portion of the subclavian artery (which supplies blood to the arms) is used to create a flap that is then used to widen the narrowed section of the aorta

During a bypass graft repair, a graft, which is usually made of synthetic material or a vein from the patient’s leg, is used to bypass the narrowed portion of the aorta. This creates a new path for blood flow, bypassing the coarctation.

During the procedure, the narrowed portion of the aorta is removed, and the two remaining ends are then joined together using a technique called an end-to-end anastomosis.

In this procedure, the surgeon repairs the valve to ensure that it closes properly. This is usually the preferred option if the valve is not too damaged.

If the valve is severely damaged, it may need to be replaced. This can be done with a mechanical valve or a biological valve

In this procedure, a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted through an artery in the groin and threaded up to the aortic valve. The balloon is inflated to widen the valve opening, improving blood flow

During the TAVI procedure, a new valve is inserted into the heart through a catheter, typically through a small incision in the leg. The new valve is typically made of either biological tissue or a combination of tissue and metal.

In this minimally invasive procedure, a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the groin and threaded up to the heart. A small device, typically made of metal mesh, is then inserted through the catheter and positioned over the defect to seal it closed.

In some cases, a surgical approach may be necessary, especially for larger or more complex defects. The surgeon will make an incision in the chest and use a patch to cover the hole in the septum

The surgical reconstruction procedure typically involves making an incision in the chest and stopping the heart temporarily. The surgeon will then reshape the valve and repair any defects or malformations.

Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat certain congenital and acquired heart defects.

Open heart surgery and minimally invasive heart surgery are two surgical options for the treatment of congenital and acquired heart defects. The choice of procedure depends on the type and severity of the defect

The procedure involves removing the damaged tissue from the LVA and using a patch to reinforce and reshape the left ventricle to restore normal function.

This procedure is less invasive than traditional open-heart surgery and involves making small incisions in the chest to access the heart.

During the procedure, the surgeon removes the damaged mitral valve and replaces it with a prosthetic valve. This approach is less invasive than traditional open-heart surgery and can result in a quicker recovery time and shorter hospital stay for the patient.

During the procedure, a catheter with a deflated balloon attached to its tip is threaded through a blood vessel and into the heart. The balloon is then inflated to widen the opening of the narrowed mitral valve, improving blood flow.

This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is threaded through a blood vessel to the heart, where a device is used to repair the mitral valve

During the TMVR procedure, a catheter is threaded through a blood vessel and into the heart, where a replacement mitral valve is implanted over the existing valve

This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is threaded through a blood vessel to the heart, where a device is used to close the PFO. The device is typically a small mesh or plug that is placed over the hole to prevent blood from flowing through it.

In some cases, the damaged pulmonary valve can be repaired rather than replaced. This can involve procedures such as valve leaflet repair or annuloplasty to reshape the valve and improve its function.

This is a surgical procedure in which the damaged pulmonary valve is removed and replaced with a prosthetic valve

This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into a blood vessel and guided to the pulmonary valve. The balloon is then inflated to widen the opening of the valve and improve blood flow

Pulmonary valve reconstruction surgery can be used to treat pulmonary valve stenosis by removing the narrowed part of the pulmonary valve and reshaping it

In cases where the pulmonary valve is severely damaged and cannot be repaired, it may need to be replaced.

Intracardiac repair of Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is a surgical procedure used to correct the four abnormalities associated with the condition

This minimally invasive procedure involves using a balloon catheter to widen the narrowed valve opening

During this procedure, the surgeon will repair the valve by reattaching or reshaping the valve leaflets.

In cases where the valve is severely damaged or cannot be repaired, replacement surgery may be necessary.

During transcatheter closure, a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the leg and guided to the heart, where a device is used to close the hole in the septum.

This is the most common surgical procedure used to treat VSD. During open-heart surgery, the surgeon will make an incision in the chest to access the heart and close the hole in the ventricular septum with a patch.

The surgeon removes a larger portion of the lung than in a wedge resection, but not an entire lobe.

Wedge resection is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a small, wedge-shaped piece of lung tissue that contains the tumor. This type of surgery is typically used to treat early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) when the tumor is small and localized to a specific area of the lung.

The surgeon removes the lobe of the lung containing the tumor

Pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of an entire lung. This type of surgery is typically used to treat early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) when the tumor is located in the central part of the lung and cannot be removed by a more limited lung resection

Surgical removal of the tumor may be recommended if it is benign or if it is cancerous and has not spread to other parts of the body

Surgical removal of the thymus gland, known as thymectomy, is the primary treatment for thymus tumors.

This procedure involves removing the affected portion of the trachea and reconstructing it using tissue from another part of the body or a synthetic material.

This procedure involves removing the affected portion of the trachea and the larynx (voice box) if necessary. The remaining trachea is then reconnected to the remaining portion of the larynx

This procedure involves inserting a balloon or other device into the trachea to stretch and widen it. Tracheal dilation is often done in conjunction with endoscopic procedures

In severe cases of tracheal stenosis, surgical removal of the narrowed portion of the trachea and reconstruction of the remaining trachea may be necessary.

These minimally invasive procedures involve inserting a small tube with a camera and specialized tools into the trachea to remove any obstructions or scar tissue